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Castration in dogs – experiences, procedure & important decision-making aid from a veterinary perspective

Introduction: Why the topic of “castration in dogs” is so important

Few topics cause as much discussion among dog owners as neutering . Some see it as a sensible precaution against unwanted offspring and hormone-related problems, while others fear health risks or changes in behavior.

As a veterinarian, I witness in my practice every day how uncertain many dog ​​owners are. Should they have their dog neutered? When is the right time? And what alternatives are there?

In this article, I explain everything you as a dog owner should know about neutering—based on veterinary experience and current scientific findings.

What does “castration in dogs” mean?

Castration is the surgical removal of the sex glands .

• In male dogs, the testicles removed.
• In female dogs the ovaries (and sometimes the uterus) are usually

The goal of the operation is to permanently stop hormone production in order to prevent reproduction and influence certain behavioral or health problems.

Difference between castration and sterilization

A common misconception: Many dog ​​owners confuse castration with sterilization .

• Sterilization: Only the sperm or fallopian tubes are severed, maintaining hormone production. Although the dog is infertile, its hormonal behavior remains the same.
• Castration: The gonads are removed, which also eliminates the sex hormones (testosterone or estrogen/progesterone).

In veterinary practice in Germany, dogs are almost exclusively neutered , as this is the only way to change hormonal influences on behavior and health.

Different forms of castration in female dogs – advantages and disadvantages

Not every spaying procedure for a female dog is the same. Depending on the medical indication, age, and individual situation, different surgical methods possible. As a veterinarian, it's important to me to clearly explain the differences to dog owners so they can work with us to make the best possible decision .

🩺 1. Ovariectomy (removal of the ovaries)

During ovariectomy , only the are removed. The uterus remains in the bitch's body but is hormonally inactive because the ovaries are no longer controlled. This method is the standard procedure .

✅ Advantages of ovariectomy:

• Minor procedure: The incision is shorter, the operation takes less time, and the recovery time is often shorter.
• Fewer surgical risks: Since the uterus is not removed, the risk of bleeding or injury to other organs is lower.
• Same result: Hormone production is completely stopped and the bitch can no longer go into heat.
• Less pain after surgery: The smaller surgical wound often makes aftercare easier.

⚠️ Disadvantages of ovariectomy:

• Only useful if the uterus is healthy: If the uterus is already pathologically altered (e.g. cysts, thickening of the mucous membrane), it should also be removed.
• Later pyometra possible if remnants of the ovaries remain: In rare cases, a so-called stump pyometra occur if tiny remnants of hormone-producing tissue remain.

👉 Practical conclusion:
For young, healthy bitches without uterine abnormalities, ovariectomy is the most gentle and recommended method . It is the standard procedure in many modern practices and clinics unless there are medical reasons against it.

🩺 2. Ovariohysterectomy (removal of ovaries and uterus)

Ovariohysterectomy is still the most commonly performed procedure in Germany. It involves the complete removal of the ovaries and uterus .

✅ Advantages of ovariohysterectomy:

• No risk of uterine diseases: Since the uterus is completely removed, pyometra (uterine infection) can no longer develop.
• Useful for older bitches: Especially if hormonal changes or inflammation are already present.
• Prevents uterine tumors or cysts: Even rare but possible changes in the uterus are excluded.

⚠️ Disadvantages of ovariohysterectomy:

• Major surgery: The operation takes longer, the abdominal incision is larger, and wound healing takes a little longer.
• Slightly higher anesthesia risk: Especially in large or older bitches.
• Longer convalescence: More rest is necessary, sometimes longer pain therapy.

👉 Practical conclusion:
Ovariohysterectomy is the safest choice for older bitches or in cases of pathological findings (e.g., uterine changes). It is also advisable if owners want to be sure that there is no risk of subsequent uterine disease.

🩺 3. Minimally invasive (laparoscopic) castration

Laparoscopic castration is the most modern and gentle option. A camera and delicate surgical instruments are inserted through two to three very small incisions in the abdominal wall. The ovaries (and sometimes the uterus) are removed under visual control with minimal trauma.

✅ Advantages of the laparoscopic method:

• Very small wounds: Barely visible scars, low risk of impaired wound healing.
• Fast recovery: Many bitches are back to normal the next day.
• Less pain: Due to the minimal intervention and modern anesthesia techniques, there is significantly less postoperative discomfort.
• Best overview for the surgeon: The camera provides perfect visibility of the abdominal cavity, which increases precision.

⚠️ Disadvantages of the laparoscopic method:

• Higher costs: Specialized equipment and longer preparation lead to higher prices (usually €700–1,000).
• Not suitable for all bitches: In case of a severely enlarged uterus or tumors, the classic method must be switched to.
• Can only be performed by experienced surgeons: Requires special training and equipment.

👉 Practical conclusion:
If the technical possibilities are available, laparoscopic spaying the most gentle option – especially for young, healthy female dogs. The additional cost is often worth it due to a faster recovery and fewer complications.

🩺 4. Early castration vs. late castration in bitches

Another important difference concerns the timing of castration – and here, too, there are advantages and disadvantages.

Early castration (before the first heat):

• Advantages: Almost complete protection against mammary tumors, no heat cycle, no risk of unwanted pregnancy.
• Disadvantages: Possible influence on bone growth (larger, slimmer dogs), sometimes increased risk of incontinence or anxiety behavior.

Late castration (after 1–2 heat cycles):

• Advantages: Hormonal and physical maturity completed, less risk of incontinence and joint problems.
• Disadvantages: Slightly higher risk of mammary tumors than with early castration.

👉 Practical recommendation:
In my experience, castration after the first heat a good compromise: The body is mature, but the risk of hormone-related diseases remains low.

🐕 Summary: Which method is best?

Conclusion from a veterinary perspective:
The decision regarding the type of spaying for a female dog should always be made individually – taking into account age, health status, breed, and living situation. In my practice, I discuss the various options in detail with each owner, because only a well-informed decision will lead to a healthy and balanced dog in the long term.

Medical reasons for neutering a dog

From a veterinary point of view, there are several medical indications where castration is sensible or even necessary:

1. Tumor diseases

• Bitches: Repeated heat cycles increase the risk of mammary tumors. Early spaying can significantly reduce the risk.
• Male dogs: A neutered male dog is less likely to testicular tumors . Furthermore, the risk of prostate disease .

2. Uterine diseases

Unneutered female dogs can pyometra (uterine infection) —a life-threatening infection that is often diagnosed late. Spaying completely prevents this disease.

3. Hormone-related behavioral problems

Some dogs exhibit pronounced sexual behavior or hormonally influenced aggression. Neutering can help in these cases – but only if the behavior is truly hormonally driven. A thorough behavioral analysis beforehand is essential!

When is the best time to neuter a dog?

The right time depends on the individual dog.

For male dogs:

• From 6 to 12 months of age at the earliest (depending on breed and physical development).
• Large breeds should often be neutered later because hormones affect bone growth.

For bitches:

• Early castration before the first heat almost completely reduces the risk of mammary tumors.
• However, many veterinarians recommend spaying after the first or second heat

A detailed consultation is crucial here.

Advantages of neutering dogs

1. No unwanted reproduction – especially important when keeping multiple dogs.
2. Reduction of hormonal diseases (e.g. uterine inflammation, prostate hyperplasia).
3. Fewer hormone-related behavioral problems , such as excessive marking, roaming, or aggression toward rivals.
4. Calmer nature in some dogs (varies individually).
5. No heat stress for bitches and owners.

Disadvantages and possible side effects

Like any surgical procedure, castration has risks and disadvantages .

• Anesthesia risk: As with any surgery, especially in older or sick animals.
• Altered metabolism: Neutered dogs often have a lower energy requirement, which can lead to obesity.
• Coat changes: Especially possible in long-haired bitches (softer, woollier coat).
• Behavioral changes: Not every dog ​​becomes “better behaved” – in some breeds, insecurity or aggression may even increase.
• Hormone deficiency symptoms: e.g. incontinence in bitches (usually treatable).

Alternative: Chemical castration

If you are unsure, you can chemical castration .

This involves placing a hormone implant under the skin that suppresses testosterone production (in male dogs) or the menstrual cycle (in female dogs) for 6–12 months.

This method is well suited for “testing” how the dog would behave after permanent castration.

Castration procedure in the veterinary practice

1. Preliminary examination: The dog is thoroughly examined; blood values ​​are checked to minimize anesthesia risks.
2. Anesthesia: The procedure is performed under general anesthesia.
3. Operation:
   • In male dogs: removal of both testicles through a small incision in front of the scrotum.
   • In the bitch: removal of the ovaries (ovariectomy) or additionally of the uterus (ovariohysterectomy).
4. Recovery phase & aftercare: Pain medication, cervical collar, suture check after 10–14 days.

Most dogs are fit again after a few days.

Costs of neutering a dog

The costs depend on the size, gender and veterinary practice (according to GOT – fee schedule for veterinarians).

In addition, there may be costs for blood tests, anesthesia monitoring and medication.

Behavior after castration: Practical tips

• Stay calm: The dog needs 10–14 days of rest. No rough play or jumping.
• Wound check: Check daily for swelling, redness, and oozing.
• Adjust your diet: Eat fewer calories to avoid weight gain.
• Observe behavior: Some dogs need time to regain hormonal balance.

Long-term effects on behavior and health

Long-term studies show:

• Castration can reduce the incidence of certain cancers , but may slightly increase the incidence of others (e.g. joint disease in large breeds castrated early).
• Behavioral changes vary from person to person – some dogs become calmer, others more insecure.

Therefore, be made individually and after consultation with the veterinarian

🐾 Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about neutering dogs

Conclusion: Castration of dogs – a responsible decision

Neutering a dog is not a routine procedure, but an individual, life-changing decision . It can provide many health benefits, but also carries risks and possible behavioral changes.

The most important step is to have an open discussion with your veterinarian : This is the only way to clarify whether the procedure makes sense from a medical, behavioral or practical point of view.

With good preparation, appropriate aftercare, and a conscious decision, castration becomes a step that will benefit your dog's long-term well-being.

🐾 Summary: Everything you need to know about neutering dogs

Neutering a dog is one of the most common, yet controversial, veterinary surgeries. For many owners, neutering a dog a matter of responsibility—it prevents unwanted offspring and can offer health benefits. At the same time, neutering a dog a hormonal intervention that should be carefully considered and decided on an individual basis.

From a veterinary perspective, neutering a dog is generally a safe, routine procedure that rarely causes complications when performed properly. However, every neutering procedure should be medically and behaviorally justified. There is no blanket "always or never" – the decision depends on gender, breed, age, and living conditions.

When a dog is neutered, the testicles are removed in male dogs and the ovaries (and possibly the uterus) in female dogs. This eliminates hormone production, and the dog can no longer reproduce. This hormonal change is the core of neutering in dogs – it affects not only fertility but also metabolism, behavior, and, to some extent, physical development.

A key aspect of neutering dogs is preventative health. Especially in female dogs, the surgery can significantly reduce the risk of uterine infections and mammary tumors. In male dogs, neutering testicular tumors and prostate enlargement. From a medical perspective, neutering dogs often advisable when hormone-related diseases are imminent or have already developed.

But behavior also plays a role. Many owners hope that their dog will become calmer, more balanced, or more socially acceptable neutering Neutering a dog neutering a dog should never be considered a substitute for consistent training.

In addition to the advantages, neutering dogs also has potential disadvantages. The most common consequence is a tendency toward weight gain due to a reduction in energy requirements. Some dogs exhibit coat changes, and in rare cases, bitches may become incontinent. Therefore, owners should their dog's feeding and exercise routine after neutering. A careful diet and regular exercise can prevent these typical side effects.

Another deciding factor is timing. Neutering a dog can be performed early or late—each option has advantages and disadvantages. In bitches, early neutering before the first heat reduces the risk of tumors, while later neutering often better aligns with the natural growth process. For male dogs, the timing depends on the breed and development. Neutering a dog can prolong bone growth, while a late operation can provide behavioral benefits.

The method also plays a role: There's the classic surgical option and the modern, minimally invasive method. Laparoscopic castration in dogs is considered particularly gentle, as it offers less pain and faster healing. For us veterinarians, choosing the right method is crucial to castration in dogs as stress-free and low-risk as possible.

The cost of neutering a dog varies depending on gender, size, and the practice. On average, it ranges from €300 to €900. This includes aftercare, pain medication, and possible blood tests. A well-prepared neutering of a dog should always begin with a comprehensive preliminary consultation in which the benefits, risks, and alternatives are discussed.

After surgery, proper aftercare is essential: rest, wound monitoring, and appropriate feeding are crucial for a speedy recovery. Many dogs are back to activity after just a few days. With loving care and a little patience, neutering in dogs usually proceeds without complications.

neutering a dog can contribute to its health and balance—provided it's done for a good reason and not out of convenience. If you do your research, have your dog examined by a veterinarian, and consider individual factors, neutering your dog a responsible decision.

In conclusion, neutering a dog is a proven procedure that carries both health benefits and potential risks. It's important to consider the options carefully – together with an experienced veterinarian. This way, neutering a dog not just a medical procedure, but a step toward a healthy, long, and harmonious life with your four-legged friend.

Further information:

https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-center/medical/neutering-dogs-everything-you-need-to-know