- Introduction
- Behavioral errors: About sleeping and awakening tumors
- Misconception 1: Palpation can cause a tumor to grow and become malignant
- Misconception 2: Taking a sample “activates” and “spreads” a tumor
- Misconception 3: Tumors can arise from stress or trauma
- Misconception 4: Tumors are always fatal
- Misconception 5: Chemotherapy is too stressful for animals
- Misconception 6: Natural remedies can cure tumors
- Factors that promote tumor growth
- Factors affecting tumor growth
- Frequently asked questions about oncology in veterinary medicine
- Summary of oncology in veterinary medicine
Inspired by an article by Prof. Dr. Daniela Simon Betz, Dipl. ECVIM-CA, today we will shed light on oncology in veterinary medicine and common mistakes in oncology in veterinary medicine:
Introduction
in veterinary oncology that can unsettle both pet owners and specialist staff. This misinformation often concerns the behavior of tumors and the effects of diagnostic or therapeutic measures. In this article we would like to clarify some of these misconceptions in order to reduce fears and promote effective diagnostics and therapy for our animal patients.
Behavioral errors: About sleeping and awakening tumors
In the previous parts of our mini-series we have already highlighted some stories about oncology in veterinary medicine . Today we address misconceptions that focus on the behavior of tumors and are often the subject of debate. Our goal is to enable efficient and targeted diagnostics and therapy through education.
Misconception 1: Palpation can cause a tumor to grow and become malignant
The concern of animal owners
Imagine the following situation: A family notices a subcutaneous enlargement of their dog and goes to the vet's office concerned. After a general examination, we would like to examine the swelling in more detail to assess consistency, extent and possible tenderness. But suddenly a family member expresses concern that the palpation could “wake up” the tumor and make it malignant. One heard that a tumor suddenly grew and "spread" after an examination.
The facts
These fears are understandable, but unfounded. There is no scientific evidence that manual manipulation of a tumor causes it to awaken from a dormant state and grow faster or become malignant. The cell division rate and growth of a tumor are influenced by factors such as cell type, dignity, cell cycle position, size and blood supply. Palpation does not influence these factors.
Exception: mast cell tumor
Mast cell tumors in dogs are an exception Palpation may release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This causes swelling, redness and possibly itching or pain in the affected area. This reaction is similar to an allergic reaction and is temporary. It is not an actual tumor growth or change in malignancy.
Recommendation
If a mast cell tumor is suspected, palpation should be done carefully. It is advisable to have antihistamines or corticosteroids ready and avoid unnecessary manipulations. However, an accurate diagnosis is essential for further treatment.
Misconception 2: Taking a sample “activates” and “spreads” a tumor
The concern of animal owners
Another common misconception is that taking tissue samples for cytological or histological examination could "anger" the tumor and lead to the spread of tumor cells.
The facts
A tumor does not behave like a plant that spreads its seeds when touched. The sampling does not in tumor cells being actively spread into the body. This concern is unfounded and should not stand in the way of necessary diagnostics.
Tumor cell seeding in the puncture canal
There is minimal risk that tumor cells will be mechanically transported along the puncture canal, a phenomenon known tumor cell seeding This risk is extremely low and the likelihood of it developing into a new tumor is minimal. In oncological surgery, the puncture canal is removed as a precaution when the tumor is removed in order to further reduce this risk.
Be careful when puncturing abdominal tumors
When puncturing tumors in the abdominal cavity, there is a slightly higher risk of tumor cells being carried into the abdominal cavity. Although such cases are extremely rare, pet owners should be informed and the decision to perform a puncture should be carefully considered.
Recommendation
Sample collection is an essential step for accurate diagnosis and effective therapy. The benefits far outweigh the minimal risks. Open communication with animal owners is crucial here.
Misconception 3: Tumors can arise from stress or trauma
The concern of animal owners
Some pet owners believe that stress or physical trauma can cause their animals to develop tumors. For example, it is believed that a shock or injury can cause a tumor.
The facts
There is no scientific evidence that stress or physical trauma directly leads to the development of tumors in animals. Tumor formation is a complex process influenced by genetic factors, environmental influences and sometimes unknown causes. A single event such as a shock or injury is usually not the trigger for tumor formation.
Recommendation
It is important to take animal injuries seriously and, if necessary, have them checked by a veterinarian. However, pet owners should be reassured that such events do not lead to tumors.
Misconception 4: Tumors are always fatal
Many people believe that a tumor diagnosis is inevitably a death sentence, especially in pets. However, this is a common misconception. Not all tumors are malignant , and many tumors grow slowly or even show no negative impact on the animal's well-being. Benign tumors, for example, grow locally and do not metastasize. They can often be removed surgically without the risk of recurrence or worsening of the condition.
Even for malignant tumors, there are now many treatment options that can significantly improve the prognosis. Through early detection and early, individually tailored therapy, the chances of a complete cure or at least a significant extension of lifespan can often be increased.
Thanks to modern diagnostic techniques such as imaging or biopsies, veterinarians can detect tumors at an early stage before they spread throughout the body. The therapeutic options – from surgery to radiation therapy to targeted therapies – have also developed enormously. Many animals that receive successful tumor treatment can happily for many years and enjoy a high quality of life. A tumor diagnosis does not have to mean the end, but also opens up opportunities if action is taken in good time.
Misconception 5: Chemotherapy is too stressful for animals
The thought of chemotherapy is frightening for many pet owners because it is associated with drastic side effects that are known from human medicine. But chemotherapy in animals is significantly different from that in humans. focus is usually on maintaining quality of life Veterinarians specifically adjust doses and therapy regimens to minimize side effects and ensure that the animal tolerates the therapy well.
most animals tolerate . Severe side effects such as nausea, vomiting or hair loss, which are known in humans, occur less frequently and often less severely in animals. If side effects occur, there are now many supportive therapies that can alleviate these symptoms. The side effect profiles in animals are often milder because the goal is not to administer maximum doses, but rather to find a balance between effectiveness and well-being. Many animals lead almost normal lives during chemotherapy and enjoy time with their families. Fear of chemotherapy should therefore not lead to avoiding potentially life-saving treatment.
Misconception 6: Natural remedies can cure tumors
Natural remedies are becoming increasingly popular, including in veterinary medicine. Some pet owners believe that alternative or natural therapies can cure tumors without resorting to conventional medical interventions such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. However, this view is based on misinformation , as there is currently no scientific evidence that natural remedies can effectively fight or cure tumors.
While certain natural remedies can certainly help support an animal's overall well-being, such as by boosting the immune system or relieving symptoms, they do not replace evidence-based, medical treatment. As a rule, tumors are complex clinical pictures that targeted medical therapies .
Foregoing conventional treatments in favor of alternative approaches can dramatically reduce the chances of a cure and even promote disease progression. Pet owners should always remember that the use of natural remedies in combination with conventional medical therapy should be carried out under the guidance of an experienced veterinarian in order to achieve the best for the animal. Evidence-based medicine remains the foundation for successful tumor treatment, and natural remedies should only be viewed as complementary support, not as a primary treatment modality.
Factors that promote tumor growth
Tumor growth is influenced by a variety of factors that are controlled both within the body and by external influences. One of the most important internal factors is genetics . Certain genetic mutations or hereditary susceptibilities can significantly increase the risk of developing tumors. The immune system plays a central role:
A healthy immune system recognizes and fights abnormal cells, while a weakened immune system may not be able to effectively eliminate tumor cells, which can lead to their uncontrolled growth. Another crucial factor is the blood supply to the tumor. Tumors require a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen, which is ensured by the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Without sufficient supply, tumor cells cannot survive or continue to divide.
An additional factor is the cell cycle , i.e. the process of cell division. Tumor cells often go through the cell cycle faster than healthy cells, resulting in accelerated growth. In addition, hormonal changes in some types of tumors, such as breast or prostate cancer, significantly influence growth because hormones such as estrogen or testosterone act as growth signals for the tumor cells. environmental influences also play an important role. Long-term exposure to carcinogenic substances such as chemicals, radiation or environmental toxins can promote the development and growth of tumors. Each of these factors contributes to tumors forming and growing in different ways, which is why understanding these influences plays a crucial role in cancer research and treatment.
Factors affecting tumor growth
Hereditary factors affecting tumor growth.
The availability of blood vessels to supply nutrients to the tumor.
The body's immune system and its ability to fight tumor cells.
The speed at which tumor cells divide and multiply.
External factors such as chemicals, radiation and environmental toxins.
The influence of hormones on the growth of certain types of tumors.
Frequently asked questions about oncology in veterinary medicine
What are the first signs of a tumor in pets and when should you see the vet?
The signs of a tumor in pets can vary greatly and depend largely on the type of tumor and the region of the body affected. Often, pet owners notice an unusual swelling or lump under the skin that may increase in size over time. These lumps are not always painful and are often discovered accidentally while stroking. Other possible symptoms include weight loss , loss of appetite , lethargy or changes in the animal's behavior. Tumors in the gastrointestinal area can vomiting , diarrhea or constipation. Tumors in the respiratory tract may coughing or difficulty breathing .
It is advisable to seek veterinary attention for any unusual swelling or behavior change, especially if symptoms persist for more than a week or worsen. Early diagnosis is crucial as it expands treatment options and significantly improves the chances of success. Even small, seemingly harmless lumps should not be ignored as in some cases they can be an indication of a more serious condition. The veterinarian can determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant biopsies , blood tests , and imaging tests The earlier the diagnosis is made, the better the chances of successful treatment.
How is a tumor diagnosed and what examinations are necessary?
Diagnosing a tumor usually requires a combination of several tests tailored to the veterinarian's suspicions and the animal's symptoms. First, the veterinarian will carry out a thorough clinical examination , during which the animal will be palpated for external swellings, lumps or other noticeable changes. If a tumor is suspected, the veterinarian will usually recommend a fine needle aspiration or biopsy . Fine needle aspiration involves removing a small amount of cells from the suspicious mass, which are then examined under a microscope. This method is minimally invasive and often allows an initial assessment of whether the tumor is benign or malignant.
During a biopsy, a larger piece of tissue is removed from the tumor, which allows for a more detailed histopathological examination. In addition, blood tests be performed to check the animal's general health and determine whether the tumor is already affecting other organs or systems in the body. In many cases, imaging techniques such as ultrasound , X-rays or CT /MRI used to determine the exact location, size and spread of the tumor. This is particularly important to determine whether the tumor can be removed surgically and whether metastases (secondary tumors) may have already formed in other organs. Through a combination of these examinations, the veterinarian can make an informed diagnosis and develop the best treatment strategy.
What treatment options are available for pets with a tumor and how is the decision made?
Treatment of a tumor in pets depends on several factors, including the type of tumor , its location , its size , whether it is malignant or benign, and whether it has spread to other organs (metastasis). The most common treatment options include surgery , chemotherapy , radiation therapy , and newer approaches such as targeted therapies or immunotherapy .
Surgery , especially for localized tumors. The aim is to completely remove the tumor, often also removing surrounding tissue to ensure that no cancer cells are left behind. For benign tumors, surgery can often result in a complete cure. For malignant tumors, surgery can help reduce tumor mass and relieve symptoms.
Chemotherapy is often used for tumors that have already spread to other parts of the body or for types of tumors that respond to medications, such as lymphoma . Treatment aims to destroy cancer cells or slow their growth while maintaining the animal's quality of life. Radiation therapy may also be used, particularly for tumors that cannot be completely removed surgically or grow in hard-to-reach places. More recently, targeted therapies and immunotherapies gained importance, specifically targeting the properties of the tumor cells and stimulating the animal's immune system to fight the tumor.
The decision to receive a specific treatment depends on many factors, and the veterinarian will work closely with owners to create the best treatment plan. quality of life and well-being of the animal play The veterinarian will provide the owners with comprehensive information about the risks, side effects and the expected course of treatment.
What are the most common side effects of tumor treatment and how can they be minimized?
The side effects of tumor treatment depend on the therapy chosen. Surgery can cause post-operative complications such as swelling , pain , infection , in rare cases, bleeding. Painkillers and anti-inflammatory medications are usually given to aid recovery. Many animals recover well after surgery and can lead a normal life again after a few days or weeks.
With chemotherapy, the side effects are often less serious than in humans because the dosage in animals is adjusted so that their quality of life is affected as little as possible. The most common side effects include loss of appetite , mild nausea , diarrhea and, in rare cases, hair loss . Many of these symptoms are temporary and can be easily managed
dietary adjustments or medication The veterinarian will plan the therapy so that the animal receives the best possible care and side effects are reduced to a minimum. Radiation therapy can cause skin irritation in the treated area, but this usually goes away after treatment is completed. In some cases, fatigue may also occur, but this is usually temporary. Modern radiation therapy techniques make it possible to irradiate the tumor in a targeted manner, while the surrounding healthy tissue is largely spared.
Overall, monitoring the animal during treatment is crucial in order to detect and treat side effects early. Veterinarians are in close contact with owners to ensure the animal receives the best possible support throughout therapy.
What are the chances of a tumor being cured and what are the decisive factors for successful treatment?
The chances of a tumor being cured depend on many factors, including the type of tumor, its stage at the time of diagnosis, and the treatment chosen. Benign tumors can often be completely cured with surgery without the need for further therapy. In the case of malignant tumors, the prognosis depends heavily on the type of tumor and the progression of the disease. Early detection is one of the most important factors affecting the chances of recovery. Tumors that are diagnosed at an early stage are often easier to treat and have a higher chance of cure or long-term control.
Another crucial factor is the location of the tumor. Tumors that are located in areas that are easily accessible and operable often have better prognosis. presence of metastases also plays a major role. Tumors that have already spread to other organs are more difficult to treat, but in many cases a combination of surgery , chemotherapy , and radiation therapy help control the disease and maintain the animal's quality of life.
Modern treatment approaches such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies have improved the chances of survival for many animals in recent years. These treatments aim to strengthen the immune system or specifically attack the tumor cells without damaging healthy tissue. In many cases, such therapies lead to long-term control of the tumor , even if a complete cure is not possible. Crucial to success is close collaboration between the veterinarian and the owners to ensure the animal receives the best possible treatment.
Summary of oncology in veterinary medicine
Oncology in veterinary medicine has made enormous progress in recent decades and now offers many options for diagnosing, treating and curing tumor diseases in animals. Oncology in veterinary medicine deals with both benign and malignant tumors that can affect various organs and tissues. It uses modern diagnostic procedures such as imaging techniques, biopsies and blood tests to detect tumors early and classify them precisely. Timely diagnosis in veterinary oncology can significantly improve treatment options and increase the chances of survival.
A central component of oncology in veterinary medicine is surgery, in which tumors are surgically removed, often in combination with other therapies such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy is also increasingly used in veterinary oncology , with the main goal being to maintain the animals' quality of life. The treatment is usually gentler than in human medicine, so animals often suffer fewer side effects. Radiation therapy is another important component of oncology in veterinary medicine , especially for tumors that are difficult to access or inoperable.
Oncology in veterinary medicine also focuses on researching new, innovative treatment approaches such as immunotherapies and targeted therapies. These treatments aim to strengthen the animals' immune systems or specifically attack tumor cells without damaging surrounding healthy tissue. The well-being of the animals during treatment is always a priority in veterinary oncology
In veterinary oncology, great importance is placed on early detection, as tumors that are detected at an early stage can often be treated better. Regular check-ups and precautionary measures play an important role in prevention. Thanks to the constant development of oncology in veterinary medicine, many animals live a long time and with a good quality of life after tumor treatment.
Another aspect of oncology in veterinary medicine is aftercare. After a tumor has been successfully treated, regular follow-up examinations are crucial to ensure that there is no relapse. Follow-up care in oncology in veterinary medicine not only includes clinical examinations, but also monitoring the animal's general well-being.
oncology in veterinary medicine is also active in research to develop new treatment options and to better understand the causes of tumors. Research projects in oncology in veterinary medicine aim to expand treatment options and further improve the chances of survival for animals with tumor diseases.
Veterinary oncology also works closely with pet owners to provide them with the best possible information about the diagnosis and treatment options. Open and honest communication between veterinarian and pet owner is a key element in veterinary oncology , as it promotes understanding of the disease and the necessary steps in the treatment process.
Advances in oncology in veterinary medicine have made it possible for more and more animals with tumor diseases to be successfully treated. Thanks to modern technology and innovative therapies, veterinarians in veterinary oncology work with increasing precision and create tailored treatment plans for their patients. The combination of surgical, drug and radiotherapy approaches offers a comprehensive range of options for combating tumor diseases veterinary oncology
oncology in veterinary medicine shows that the treatment of tumors in animals is no longer a hopeless battle. Thanks to continuous research and development in oncology in veterinary medicine, there are now numerous ways to extend the lives of animals and improve their quality of life. Oncology in veterinary medicine remains a dynamic and growing field that continues to work to provide optimal care for animals with tumor diseases and increase the chances of recovery.
Oncology in veterinary medicine also plays a crucial role in the holistic care of animals . It takes into account not only the physical but also the mental health of the animal during treatment. In veterinary oncology, it is important to maintain the animal's well-being throughout the entire treatment process. Veterinarians and oncologists in veterinary oncology therefore often work with specialized teams to create individual therapy plans that take into account both the medical treatment and the emotional needs of the animal.
Another important aspect of oncology in veterinary medicine is palliative care . When a tumor is no longer curable, the focus is on improving the animal's quality of life and relieving pain. Palliative care within veterinary oncology includes pain control measures, nutritional support and emotional care for both the animal and its owners. oncology in veterinary medicine proves to be particularly sensitive, as it accompanies animal welfare right up to the last stage of life.
In addition to clinical practice, oncology in veterinary medicine also become increasingly important in the training of veterinarians. More and more veterinarians are specializing in veterinary oncology as the demand for experts in this field increases. The field of oncology in veterinary medicine requires in-depth knowledge of pathology, surgery and pharmacology, and training in this area is now more important than ever. This specialization ensures that veterinarians can provide the best possible care for animals with tumor diseases.
In veterinary oncology, collaboration with other disciplines also plays a major role. Veterinarians often work closely with radiologists, pathologists and surgeons to provide comprehensive diagnostics and treatment. This interdisciplinary collaboration strengthens oncology in veterinary medicine and leads to better treatment results as different experts combine their knowledge to find the best possible therapy for the animal.
Veterinary oncology is a dynamic field that continually benefits from new findings and advances. Thanks to clinical studies and research, innovative treatment methods can be tested and improved. Oncology in veterinary medicine uses both proven therapeutic approaches and the most modern technologies to detect tumor diseases early and treat them effectively. In many cases this means that animals with a cancer diagnosis can now live significantly longer and with a better quality of life than was possible just a few years ago.
In summary, it can be seen that oncology in veterinary medicine is a complex and extremely important field that works both preventively and therapeutically. The combination of early diagnosis, state-of-the-art treatment methods and individual care enables oncology in veterinary medicine to successfully treat animals with tumor diseases and to give them the longest possible lifespan. Oncology in veterinary medicine therefore remains an indispensable part of modern veterinary care.