Viral dermatoses in cats - the 5 most common

Viruses can cause significant skin lesions and represent a challenge in veterinary practice. In this article, we discuss the five most common viral dermatoses in cats and explain their clinical signs, diagnostic methods and treatment options.

1. Papilloma virus in cats

What is papillomavirus?

The papilloma virus affects cell growth and differentiation, which can lead to skin changes and, in some cases, cancer. Although these viruses are usually host specific, human and bovine papillomaviruses have also been detected in cats. To date, four feline papillomaviruses have been fully sequenced, with FcaPV-2 most frequently detected in cat skin lesions.

Viral dermatoses in cats
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Clinical signs and symptoms

Papilloma virus can cause various skin lesions in cats:

  • Viral plaques : These appear as single or grouped round to oval, scaly, gray, brownish, or black papules or plaques. They are neither itchy nor painful and can occur anywhere on the body. In healthy cats they can resolve spontaneously, while in immunocompromised animals, such as those with FIV or FeLV, they require treatment of the underlying disease.
  • Bowenoid carcinomas in situ (BISC) : These often develop from viral plaques and appear as hyperpigmented macules or crusted plaques that may ulcerate. These lesions can progress to squamous cell carcinoma with metastases.
  • Cutaneous papilloma : These are rare and appear as a single pedunculated or wart-like hyperkeratotic mass.
  • Oral papilloma : Also rare, this occurs as small, multifocal, raised lesions on the tongue.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is made using histopathology, PCR, immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. Excision, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, or CO2 laser ablation can be used to treat oral papillomas and individual plaques. Imiquimod can also be effective, although lesions may recur after treatment is discontinued.

2. Feline herpes virus 1 (FHV-1)

What is FHV-1?

Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) primarily causes facial dermatitis and is known to affect the nasal area, muzzle, and periocular skin. A recent upper respiratory infection often precedes the dermatosis.

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Clinical signs and symptoms

Facial dermatitis often begins on one side with vesicles, erythema, and alopecia. Due to the intense itching, the lesions may ulcerate and crust over.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is made by histopathology and PCR from fresh biopsies. Treatment includes antiviral drugs such as famciclovir as well as recombinant interferons. Vaccination can protect cats from developing lesions.

3. Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

What is FCV?

Feline Calicivirus is an RNA virus that is excreted through eye, nose and mouth secretions. It is known for its involvement in respiratory diseases and can also cause skin lesions.

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Clinical signs and symptoms

Dermatologic signs include ulcers on the nasal philtrum, lips, tongue, and paws, as well as swollen feet and facial ulcers. These lesions may become secondarily bacterial infected and may require antibiotic treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is made by clinical examination and differential diagnoses that exclude other causes of ulceration such as herpesvirus, squamous carcinoma, or fungal infections. Glucocorticoids can be used to treat oral ulcers.

4. Feline pox virus

What is Feline Pox Virus?

Feline smallpox virus, caused by cowpox virus, is a rare disease that occurs primarily in Europe and western Asia. Cats typically become infected by hunting rodents, which act as natural hosts.

Feline pox virus
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Clinical signs and symptoms

The lesions occur primarily on the head, ears, neck, and legs and may appear as bite wounds, nodules, plaques, crusted papules, ulcers, or abscesses. Ulcerated papules and nodules covered with crusts often develop within 1 to 3 weeks.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is made by biopsy, serology, PCR or virus isolation. Most patients recover without complications, although antibacterial medications can be used to treat secondary infections.

5. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

What is FeLV?

Feline leukemia virus is a retrovirus that causes giant cell dermatitis in cats. This dermatitis presents with itching, ulcerations, and crusted lesions, primarily on the head, neck, and face.

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Clinical signs and symptoms

In addition to the typical skin lesions, alopecia and seborrheic dermatitis can occur. Diagnosis is made using histopathology, serology or PCR.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the symptoms and usually includes supportive measures and treatment of secondary infections. It is not possible to cure the underlying disease, but the symptoms can be alleviated through targeted therapies.

Diagram depicting the diagnostic process

Diagnostic process for viral dermatoses in cats
First clinical examination
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Suspected diagnosis
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biopsy
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Histopathology
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PCR test
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Final diagnosis

FAQs that provide detailed information about viral dermatoses in cats:

What are viral dermatoses in cats and how common do they occur?

Viral dermatoses in cats are skin diseases caused by various viruses. These diseases are comparatively rare, but can cause serious skin changes and lesions. The most common viral dermatoses include infections caused by papilloma viruses, herpes viruses, caliciviruses, pox viruses and the feline leukemia virus. These diseases often manifest themselves through skin changes such as plaques, ulcers, papules or crusts. Despite their rarity, they are important in veterinary practice because they often occur in immunocompromised cats or in association with other diseases. Diagnosis usually requires special tests such as PCR, histopathology or immunohistochemistry to accurately identify the pathogen and enable targeted therapy.

How is viral dermatitis in cats diagnosed?

Diagnosing viral dermatitis in cats is a multi-step process that begins with a thorough clinical examination. The veterinarian will first assess the skin lesions and take a medical history to identify possible predisposing factors such as previous infections, stress or glucocorticoid therapy. A biopsy of the affected skin areas is then often carried out in order to examine the tissue histopathologically. Characteristic cell changes that indicate a viral infection are identified. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests from fresh tissue samples or swabs are particularly useful as they allow the viral genome to be directly detected and the specific pathogen identified. Depending on suspicion, serological tests, immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment.

What treatment options are there for viral dermatoses in cats?

Treatment of viral dermatoses in cats depends largely on the type of virus causing it and the general condition of the cat. Some viral infections, such as For example, papillomavirus-associated plaques, surgical removal, cryosurgery, or laser therapy may be considered. In cases where immunosuppression is present or in serious viral diseases such as feline leukemia virus, supportive therapy is crucial. Antiviral medications such as famciclovir or recombinant interferons can be used for certain viruses such as FHV-1 (feline herpesvirus) to relieve symptoms and promote healing. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections are curable, and in some cases the focus of therapy is on relieving symptoms and improving the cat's quality of life.

How to minimize the risk of viral dermatitis in cats?

The risk of viral dermatitis in cats can be reduced through a number of preventive measures. One of the most effective strategies is regular vaccination, especially against common pathogens such as Feline Herpesvirus (FHV-1) and Feline Calicivirus (FCV). Vaccinations help to strengthen the cat's immune system and protect it from serious illnesses. Additionally, it is important to minimize stress in cats, as stress is a known trigger for the recurrence of viral diseases. A healthy, balanced diet, regular veterinary examinations and avoiding contact with infected animals also contribute to prevention. Cat owners should also pay attention to hygiene, especially in multi-cat households, to prevent the transmission of viruses.

Are viral dermatoses in cats contagious to humans or other animals?

The contagiousness of viral dermatoses in cats to humans and other animals depends on the type of virus. Some viral infections, such as feline poxvirus, are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted to humans, particularly immunocompromised individuals. Other viruses, such as Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), are species-specific and do not pose a threat to humans or other animal species. However, cats can become infected with these viruses through direct contact or through contaminated environments. Therefore, it is important to keep infected cats isolated and take appropriate hygiene measures to prevent the spread. Regular veterinary examinations and early diagnosis are also crucial to minimize the risk of transmission and initiate appropriate treatment.

Summary of viral dermatoses in cats

Viral dermatoses in cats are rare but significant skin diseases that are caused by various viruses and can lead to a variety of clinical symptoms. The most common viral dermatoses in cats include infections caused by papilloma viruses, herpes viruses, caliciviruses, pox viruses and the feline leukemia virus. These viruses cause skin lesions in cats that can range from harmless plaques to serious ulcers and tumors. Diagnosis of viral dermatoses in cats requires specialized tests such as PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry to identify the specific pathogen.

Feline viral dermatoses often occur in immunocompromised animals, such as those infected with FIV, FeLV, or other immunosuppressive diseases. The clinical symptoms of viral dermatoses in cats vary widely, from scaly papules and hyperkeratotic plaques to ulcerated and crusted lesions. Viral dermatoses in cats are particularly problematic and can develop into malignant tumors, such as Bowenoid in situ carcinoma, which results from papillomavirus infections.

Treatment for viral dermatoses in cats depends largely on the type of virus and the cat's general health. In some cases, surgery may be necessary, while in others, antiviral medications may be used. It is important to emphasize that prevention plays a crucial role in preventing viral dermatoses in cats. Regular vaccinations and good care are key factors in minimizing the occurrence of these diseases.

Viral dermatoses in cats can in some cases be zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted to humans, particularly the feline pox virus. Therefore, it is essential to be careful when treating and caring for cats with viral dermatoses. Veterinarians and cat owners need to be aware of the risks and take appropriate measures to prevent the infections from spreading.

In summary, viral dermatoses in cats are complex and multifaceted diseases that require careful diagnosis and targeted treatment. Through early detection and prevention, the risk of viral dermatoses in cats can be significantly reduced, leading to a better quality of life for the affected animals. It is critical that both veterinarians and cat owners be well-informed about viral dermatoses in cats to ensure effective control and treatment of these diseases.

Viral dermatoses in cats not only represent a challenge to diagnose and treat, but also require a deep understanding of the underlying viral mechanisms and the immune response of the affected animals. A comprehensive knowledge of the different types of viral dermatoses in cats is crucial in order to be able to respond effectively to symptoms that arise and to prevent the disease from spreading.

Another important aspect of viral dermatoses in cats is the monitoring and management of secondary infections, which often occur in association with the primary viral lesions. Such infections can complicate the clinical picture and delay healing, which is why early and targeted treatment is necessary. The collaboration between veterinarian and cat owner plays a central role in the successful treatment and prevention of viral dermatoses in cats.

Since viral dermatoses in cats are often accompanied by a weakened immune system, it is of great importance to strengthen the cat's general health. A balanced diet, reducing stress and avoiding overexertion can help support the immune system and reduce susceptibility to viral dermatoses in cats. Regular health checks at the vet will help identify potential problems early and take appropriate action.

Research into viral dermatoses in cats continues to evolve, leading to new insights and improved treatment options. Veterinarians must always keep abreast of the latest developments in order to provide the best possible care for cats with viral dermatoses. Educating cat owners about the importance of prevention and early detection is also crucial to minimizing the effects of viral dermatoses in cats.

In conclusion, viral dermatoses in cats represent a serious and often complex challenge. However, with the right mix of prevention, early detection and targeted therapy, the effects of these diseases can be significantly reduced. It is the responsibility of veterinarians and cat owners alike to continually educate themselves about viral dermatoses in cats and to take proactive measures to promote the health and well-being of cats.

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