Degenerative Myelopathy: Comprehensive Guide to the Disease

What is Degenerative Myelopathy?

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects the nerve pathways of the spinal cord and leads to progressive paralysis. The disease mainly affects large dog breeds, but cats can also suffer from it. In this guide, you'll learn more about this serious condition and how you can support your pet.

Causes of Degenerative Myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive neurological disease that occurs primarily in older dogs, but can also occur in other animals. This condition affects the spinal cord, particularly the part responsible for transmitting nerve signals to the hind legs.

1. Genetic causes

The main cause of degenerative myelopathy is genetic. A specific gene linked to the disease has been identified in some dog breeds. If an animal carries two copies of this defective gene, the risk of developing DM increases.

2. Immune-related reactions

Some research suggests that DM may also be an autoimmune disease. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the spinal cord, causing degeneration.

3. Age and wear and tear

Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, it is believed that the age of the animal and general wear and tear on the body may play a role. Older animals are more susceptible to this disease.

4. Environmental factors

Some studies suggest that environmental factors such as diet, exercise, and exposure to certain chemicals may also influence the development of DM. However, this theory requires further investigation.

Which animal species or breeds are particularly affected and at what age?

Dog breeds

Degenerative myelopathy is most common in dogs, and some breeds are known to be particularly susceptible:

1. German Shepherd : This breed is particularly susceptible to DM, and symptoms tend to appear between about 7 and 14 years of age.
2. Corgis : Both Pembroke and Cardigan Corgis can be affected, usually between 8 and 12 years of age.
3. Boxers : Boxers are also susceptible to this condition, usually between the ages of 8 and 12 years.
4. Rhodesian Ridgeback : This breed can also be affected, usually at 7 to 9 years of age.

Other breeds may also be affected, but these are some of the most commonly affected.

Other animal species

Although DM is primarily diagnosed in dogs, there are reports that other mammals may also be affected. However, research in this area is limited and it is difficult to say which specific species and at what ages they would be susceptible.

Importance of genetics

It is important to note that not all individuals of a susceptible breed will develop DM. Genetics play a large role, and the presence of certain genes can increase or decrease the risk.

Symptoms Degenerative myelopathy

Early stage of degenerative myelopathy

In the early stages of DM, symptoms may be subtle and develop slowly. They include:

1. Weakness in the hind legs : The animal's hind legs may appear weak or stiff, and the animal may have difficulty standing or coordinating its hind legs.
2. Toe dragging : The animal may begin dragging its toes on the ground, especially when walking or running. This is also known as "toe dragging" and often results in the nails of the back legs being worn down.
3. Loss of muscle mass : The muscles in the hind legs may begin to shrink or atrophy as the nerves supplying the muscles gradually degenerate.

Intermediate stage of degenerative myelopathy

As the disease progresses, symptoms become more noticeable:

1. Loss of coordination : The animal may have difficulty coordinating its hind legs, resulting in a wobbly gait.
2. Frequent tripping and falling : Due to progressive weakness in the hind legs, the animal may trip and fall more frequently.

Late stage of degenerative myelopathy

In the later stages of the disease, symptoms may become more severe:

1. Complete loss of mobility in the hind legs : The animal can no longer use its hind legs at all and requires assistance to get around, such as a canine wheelchair.
2. Incontinence : In some cases, the animal may lose control of the bladder and bowels.
3. Spread to the forelimbs : In the final stages of the disease, weakness may also affect the forelimbs, resulting in complete immobility.

Diagnosis Degenerative Myelopathy

Diagnosing degenerative myelopathy (DM) can be challenging because symptoms can be consistent with other neurological or orthopedic problems. Here is a comprehensive explanation of the diagnostic process:

1. History and clinical examination

The veterinarian will begin with a thorough medical history to understand the symptoms, duration, and possible risk factors. A physical and neurological examination is performed to assess the animal's motor and sensory abilities.

2. Diagnosis of exclusion

Because there are no specific tests that directly confirm DM, much of the diagnostic process involves ruling out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, such as herniated discs or tumors in the spinal cord. Investigations that could be carried out include:

• X-rays : To rule out bone problems or arthritis.
• MRI or CT : These imaging tests can provide more detailed information about the spinal cord and surrounding tissues.
• Lumbar puncture : Inflammation or infections can be ruled out by taking a sample of spinal fluid.

3. Genetic test

For some dog breeds, a genetic test is available that can test for the specific gene associated with DM. It is important to note that the presence of this gene does not necessarily mean that the disease will occur, but it may increase the risk.

4. Examination of the gait

The veterinarian can analyze the animal's gait to see if there are any signs of weakness or uncoordination in the hind legs.

5. Final diagnosis after death

Unfortunately, the final diagnosis of DM can often only be made after the animal's death through an examination of the spinal cord.

Is degenerative myelopathy curable?

Unfortunately, at the current state of science, there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy. The disease is a chronic progressive neurological disorder that affects the spinal cord. The nerve cells that control the hind legs are gradually destroyed, and this process is irreversible.

Treatment options

Although there is no cure, there are treatments and strategies to promote the animal's well-being and potentially slow the progression of the disease.

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1. Physiotherapy and hydrotherapy : Through targeted exercises you can strengthen the muscles and promote mobility. Hydrotherapy in a water treadmill can be particularly effective because the water supports the animal's weight and allows it to move more easily.
2. Nutritional management : A balanced diet containing nutrients that can support nerve health is often part of a treatment plan.
3. Home support : Adaptations such as non-slip mats and ramps instead of stairs can help the animal move more safely. Special harnesses or wheelchairs for dogs can also be helpful.
4. Pain management : If the animal is experiencing pain that is not directly related to the DM, the veterinarian may prescribe pain medication.
5. Regular checks : Continuous monitoring by the veterinarian will help assess the animal's condition and adjust the treatment plan accordingly.

Interim conclusion: treatment of degenerative myelopathy

While the news that degenerative myelopathy has no cure can be discouraging, there are ways to maintain and even improve the affected animal's quality of life. Early diagnosis and an individualized treatment plan developed in close collaboration with an experienced veterinarian can make a big difference.

It is important to remember that every animal is unique and treatment and care should be tailored to the specific needs of the individual animal. With love, patience and the right support, your four-legged friend can live a full and comfortable life despite this diagnosis.

Degenerative Myelopathy FAQs

These FAQs provide an overview of Degenerative Myelopathy, but each situation is unique. It is advisable to consult your veterinarian if you have any specific concerns or questions.

What does DM carrier mean?

DM carrier stands for “Degenerative Myelopathy Carrier.” In this context, the term refers to an animal that carries a gene for degenerative myelopathy (DM) but is not necessarily affected by the disease itself. In some breeds, genetics can be examined to determine whether an animal carries the gene that may cause this condition. A carrier could pass on the affected gene to their offspring, which is why the term can be particularly important in breeding. It is an important aspect of preventive health care so that potential breeders can minimize risks and promote healthy offspring.

What does DM free mean for dogs?

“DM free” in dogs means that a dog does not carry the gene responsible for degenerative myelopathy (DM). This status is particularly important in breeding because it means that the dog will not develop the disease and cannot pass the affected gene on to its offspring.

Breeders can determine whether a dog is free of DM through genetic testing, and this information is often recorded in breeding documents and registries. This helps reduce the prevalence of Degenerative Myelopathy in the dog breed and contributes to the health of future generations. It is a sign of responsible breeding and care for the animals' health.

Summary Degenerative myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy is a serious neurological disease that primarily affects older dogs. Degenerative myelopathy is progressive and affects the spinal cord, breaking down the myelin sheaths of the nerve fibers. Unfortunately, there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy, and symptoms gradually worsen.

Diagnosing degenerative myelopathy can be challenging because symptoms can be similar to other diseases. A thorough examination by a veterinarian is necessary to distinguish degenerative myelopathy from other possible causes. There is also a genetic test that can help diagnose degenerative myelopathy.

Some dog breeds are more susceptible to degenerative myelopathy than others. Breeds such as German Shepherds, Boxers and Corgis are particularly affected. Once degenerative myelopathy has been diagnosed, it is important to support the dog as best as possible, as degenerative myelopathy can significantly impact quality of life.

Treatment for degenerative myelopathy focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the dog in everyday life. Physical therapy, hydrotherapy, and home modifications can significantly improve the quality of life of a dog with degenerative myelopathy.

In summary, Degenerative Myelopathy is a serious and progressive disease that requires special attention and care. Although there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy, there are ways to relieve symptoms and improve the affected animal's quality of life.