Mitral endocardiosis in dogs: A comprehensive explanation

Mitral endocardiosis is a common disease in dogs, especially older or smaller breeds. It affects the function of the mitral valve in the dog's heart. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive explanation of what exactly mitral endocardiosis in dogs is, what causes and symptoms it has and what treatment options exist.

What is the mitral valve?

The mitral valve is one of the four heart valves and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Their main function is to control blood flow in one direction and prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium.

What is mitral endocardiosis in dogs?

Mitral endocardiosis occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly. This causes some of the blood to flow back into the left atrium (mitral valve regurgitation). Over time, this can enlarge the atrium and increase pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

Causes of mitral endocardiosis in dogs

• Valve degeneration: With age, the tissue of the mitral valve can wear down and degenerate, causing it to become thicker and less flexible.
• Heart disease: Some diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, can affect the function of the mitral valve.
• Genetics: Some dog breeds are more susceptible to developing mitral endocardiosis.

Symptoms of mitral endocardiosis in dogs: What dog owners should be aware of

Mitral endocardiosis is a common heart disease in dogs. It is crucial that dog owners know how to recognize the symptoms of this condition in order to provide their four-legged friend with the best possible care. Here is a comprehensive list and explanation of symptoms dog owners may observe in their dogs.

1. Cough

A persistent, dry cough, especially after exercise or at night, can be a sign of heart failure. This cough occurs due to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries due to mitral endocardiosis.

2. Shortness of breath or rapid breathing

A dog with mitral endocardiosis may breathe faster or become out of breath after short walks or games. This is a sign that the heart has to work harder to pump blood throughout the body.

3. Decreased activity or tiredness

If your dog suddenly wants to move less, gets tired more quickly, or doesn't play or run as enthusiastically as before, this could be a sign of heart disease.

4. Fainting or collapse

In severe cases of mitral endocardiosis, sudden fainting or collapse may occur, especially after physical exertion.

5. Changed appetite

Some dogs with heart problems show less interest in eating or may lose their appetite completely.

6. Enlarged belly

A buildup of fluid in the abdomen (due to heart failure) can cause the abdomen to appear swollen or enlarged.

7. Weight loss or gain

Unexplained weight loss can be a sign of heart disease. However, in some cases, weight gain can also occur, especially if fluid is retained in the body.

8. Changed behavior

Dogs with heart disease may be more irritable or less social. They may also show signs of confusion or disorientation.

9. Blue or pale tongue

A lack of adequate oxygen in the blood can cause the dog's tongue or gums to appear blue or pale.

Mitral endocardiosis in dogs: Affected breeds and age groups

Canine mitral endocardiosis is one of the most common heart diseases in dogs. While this disease can generally affect any dog, there are certain breeds that are at increased risk. The age at which the first symptoms can appear also varies. Let's take a closer look at which dog breeds are particularly affected and at what age the disease is often diagnosed.

Affected dog breeds

1. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

This is one of the most affected breeds. Many dogs of this breed show signs of mitral endocardiosis at a young age.

2. dachshund

Dachshunds tend to develop signs of the disease in middle to older age.

3. Chihuahuas

This small breed is also more commonly affected by mitral endocardiosis.

4. poodle

Miniature and toy poodles in particular can show signs of this heart disease throughout their lives.

5. Shih Tzu

These small dogs may also be at increased risk of developing mitral endocardiosis.

It is important to note that although these breeds are at increased risk, the condition can occur in any breed. It depends on a variety of factors including genetics, lifestyle and general health.

Affected age

In general, older dogs tend to be at higher risk of developing heart diseases such as mitral endocardiosis. The disease typically develops between the ages of 9 and 12 . However, in some breeds, particularly the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, it can occur at a younger age, sometimes as young as 5 or 6 years .

(C) https://cavalierhealth.org/mitral_valve_disease.htm

Diagnosis of mitral endocardiosis in dogs: The path to knowledge

Properly diagnosing heart conditions like mitral endocardiosis in dogs is crucial to providing the best possible care to our four-legged friends. But how does a veterinarian go about diagnosing this particular condition? Immerse yourself in the process of making a diagnosis with us and find out how comprehensive and detailed veterinarians go in order to get to the bottom of the mystery.

1. anamnese

First, the veterinarian speak with the dog's owner to record the dog's medical history and any symptoms. This may include information about coughing, shortness of breath, or other behavioral changes.

2. Clinical examination

The veterinarian will physically examine the dog. He can listen for heart murmurs, fluid accumulation or other signs of heart problems. In particular, listening to the heart can provide evidence of mitral valve insufficiency.

3. X-rays

A chest x-ray can show whether the heart is enlarged or whether there is fluid buildup in or around the lungs. These are both common signs of heart disease.

4. Echocardiography (heart ultrasound)

This is one of the most important tests to diagnose heart disease in dogs. Using ultrasound waves, the veterinarian can observe the movement of the heart valves and heart function in real time. In dogs with canine mitral endocardiosis, a leaky mitral valve is often visible, showing the backflow of blood into the left atrium.

5. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

An EKG measures the electrical activity of the heart. It can help identify cardiac arrhythmias that may be associated with canine mitral endocardiosis or other heart diseases.

6. Blood tests

Some blood tests can indicate heart disease. In particular, the NT-proBNP test can show elevated values ​​if the heart is under stress or damaged.

Disease progression of mitral endocardiosis in dogs: an overview of the stages

Mitral endocardiosis in dogs is a progressive disease that is divided into different stages. Each stage characterizes a certain level of severity of the disease and provides guidance on how best to treat it. Let's take a closer look at each stage to get a better understanding of how the disease progresses.

1. Stage A - The risk stage

At this stage the dog does not show any clinical symptoms of the disease. Dogs that belong to the breeds at increased risk of developing mitral endocardiosis are often at this stage.

Characteristics and diagnostics:

• No visible or audible symptoms.
• No changes on x-rays or echocardiograms.
• Preventive examinations are recommended, especially for high-risk breeds.

2. Stage B - Early signs of disease

Stage B1

Dogs at this stage have detectable mitral endocardiosis but are not yet showing any symptoms.

Characteristics and diagnostics:

• Often an audible heart murmur when listening.
• Possible changes on echocardiography but normal heart size on x-rays.
• No drug treatment is necessary, but regular check-ups are recommended.

Stage B2

The disease progresses and the heart begins to enlarge. However, most dogs do not yet show any clinical symptoms.

Characteristics and diagnostics:

• Enlarged heart on x-rays and echocardiography.
• Starting drug therapy may be considered.

3. Stage C - Symptomatic stage

At this stage, dogs show symptoms of heart failure such as coughing, shortness of breath or reduced exercise capacity.

Characteristics and diagnostics:

• Significant changes on x-rays and echocardiography.
• Fluid accumulation in the lungs or abdomen.
• Drug therapy to treat heart failure is strongly recommended.

4. Stage D - Advanced stage

Despite drug treatment, symptoms at this stage are difficult to control and the dog's condition may be critical.

Characteristics and diagnostics:

• Severe fluid retention and difficulty breathing.
• May require repeated veterinary visits or hospitalization.
• Intensified drug therapy and possibly additional treatments are necessary.

Treatment of mitral endocardiosis in dogs: therapeutic approaches depending on the stage

If your dog has been diagnosed with canine mitral endocardiosis, it may sound worrying at first. But there are a number of treatment options that vary depending on the stage of the disease. Here we take a detailed look at the treatment options for the different stages of mitral endocardiosis.

1. Stage A - The risk stage

Since dogs do not show any symptoms at this stage, drug treatment is usually not necessary.

Therapy approaches:

• Regular checks: Regular visits to the vet are important, especially for high-risk breeds, in order to detect the onset of the disease at an early stage.
• Healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet and regular exercise can help support the dog's overall well-being.

2. Stage B - Early signs of disease

Stage B1

Despite the diagnosis, no drug treatment is usually necessary at this early stage.

Therapy approaches:

• Regular checks: Monitoring through veterinary visits to monitor the progress of the disease.
• Heart-healthy diet: Special diets can help support the heart.

Stage B2

While there are still no symptoms, drug therapy may be considered to slow the progression of the disease.

Therapy approaches:

• ACE inhibitors: These medications can help lower blood pressure and reduce strain on the heart.
• Pimobendan: May support heart function and slow disease progression.

3. Stage C - Symptomatic stage

Since symptoms appear at this stage, drug therapy is strongly recommended.

Therapy approaches:

• Diuretics: These medications, often called "water pills," help remove excess fluid from the body and reduce pulmonary edema.
• Pimobendan: Supports heart function.
• ACE inhibitors: Lowers blood pressure and reduces strain on the heart.
• Beta blockers: May help regulate heart rhythm and lower blood pressure in some dogs.

4. Stage D - Advanced stage

At this critical stage, intensive drug therapy is required.

Therapy approaches:

• Increased doses of diuretics: To control pulmonary edema and fluid retention.
• Combination therapy: A combination of pimobendan, ACE inhibitors and possibly other medications.
• Oxygen therapy: For dogs with severe breathing problems, oxygen can help.
• Limited physical activity: Rest and relaxation are crucial for dogs at this stage.

Electrolyte supplementation during therapy with high-dose diuretics

Dehydration medications, also called diuretics, are an essential element in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases in dogs. While they are very effective at eliminating excess water and salt from the body, they can also affect electrolyte balance. Here we take a look at how and when to supplement electrolytes like potassium or magnesium.

The role of diuretics

Diuretics promote urine output and help reduce fluid retention in the body, which can occur, for example, in heart failure. But these medications can also cause important electrolytes to be excreted in greater quantities.

Importance of potassium and magnesium

Potassium and magnesium are vital electrolytes that play key roles in many cellular processes, including nerve and muscle function. An imbalance of these electrolytes can lead to various health problems, including cardiac arrhythmias.

Electrolyte supplementation during diuretic therapy

Magnesium is also important, and a deficiency can increase the risk of potassium deficiency because magnesium aids in the absorption and storage of potassium in the body.

When a dog is given high-dose diuretics, there is a risk of electrolyte deficiency, particularly potassium. A potassium deficiency can cause muscle problems, weakness and irregular heart rhythms.

When and how to supplement?

• It is not always necessary to routinely supplement electrolytes just because a dog is on diuretics. It depends on the type of diuretic, the dosage and the individual dog.
• The vet will usually run blood tests to monitor electrolyte levels. If a deficiency is identified, supplementation may be recommended.
• In some cases, the veterinarian may prescribe a special diuretic that preserves potassium or a combination of medications to stabilize electrolyte balance.

Dietary changes in dogs with canine mitral endocardiosis

Nutrition plays a central role in the health and well-being of our dogs. In certain diseases, such as mitral endocardiosis, a targeted change in diet can even help to improve the animal's quality of life and have a positive influence on the course of the disease. But when and how should you adjust your diet?

Why does a change in diet make sense?

The right diet can help support the heart's metabolism, reduce the load on the diseased organ, and improve the dog's overall body condition. Special ingredients can have anti-inflammatory effects, regulate blood pressure and stabilize electrolyte balance.

At what stage is a change in diet particularly important?

While a healthy diet is beneficial at any stage, it becomes particularly important once clinical symptoms appear (stage B2 and above). During these stages, proper nutrition can help slow the progression of the disease and improve the animal's quality of life.

What should a change in diet look like?

1. Reduced salt content:

Increased salt consumption can lead to water retention, which puts additional strain on the heart. Decreasing salt in the diet can help reduce fluid retention.

2. High-quality proteins:

A sufficient amount of easily digestible proteins supports muscle maintenance and strengthens the immune system.

3. Omega-3 fatty acids:

These can have anti-inflammatory effects and are good for the heart. Fish oil is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids.

4. Antioxidants:

Vitamins such as vitamin E and C, as well as other antioxidants, can help reduce cell damage caused by oxidative stress.

5. Adjusting calorie intake:

An ideal body condition is important. Being overweight puts additional strain on the heart, while malnutrition can affect overall health.

6. Taurine and L-Carnitine Supplement:

These can be useful in some cases as they support heart function.

Conclusion : change in diet

For a dog with mitral endocardiosis, it is essential to speak to the veterinarian or a pet nutritionist about possible dietary changes. There are often special therapeutic diets tailored specifically to the needs of dogs with heart disease. A targeted diet, combined with the right medication therapy, can help give your four-legged friend a longer, healthier life.

Water Consumption in Dogs on Dehydration Medications

It's understandable to be concerned about your dog's well-being, especially if he's on medication. The issue of water consumption during treatment with diuretics is important and deserves special attention.

Why is your dog treated with dehydration medication?

Water medications, also called diuretics, are often used to reduce fluid retention in the body. These can arise, for example, from heart disease or other health problems.

Should you limit water consumption?

In general, it is not advisable to limit the water consumption of a dog receiving diuretics unless the veterinarian specifically recommends it. Here are some reasons why:

1. Natural Thirst:

Dehydration medications promote the excretion of fluid through urine, which can lead to an increased feeling of thirst. It is important that your dog drinks enough to compensate for this fluid loss.

2. Danger of dehydration:

If you restrict your dog's drinking water while he's taking diuretics, he could be at risk of becoming dehydrated. Dehydration can cause serious health problems.

3. Physical Needs:

Water plays a crucial role in many body functions. Adequate water consumption helps keep the kidneys healthy, supports metabolism and keeps body temperature balanced.

What you should do?

1. Monitor Water Consumption: If you notice that your dog is drinking much more than usual, you should let your veterinarian know.
2. Fresh Water: Make sure fresh water is available to your dog at all times.
3. Consult with Veterinarian: If you have concerns about your dog's water intake or medication, always discuss these with your veterinarian.

Supporting your dog through the different stages of mitral endocardiosis

It's admirable how much you care about your dog's well-being. Each stage of mitral endocardiosis requires different measures to ensure the best possible comfort and quality of life for your four-legged friend. Here are some tips to help your dog through each stage:

Stage A: High-risk patients with no apparent signs of disease

1. Regular check-ups:

Even if your dog shows no symptoms, regular veterinary exams are important to monitor the condition of the heart.

2. Healthy diet:

A balanced diet keeps your dog fit and strengthens his immune system.

3. Movement:

Moderate activity can help strengthen the cardiovascular system.

Stage B1: Detectable signs of illness but no symptoms

1. Close monitoring:

More frequent veterinary checks are important to monitor the progression of the disease.

2. Avoiding Stress:

Stress can put additional strain on the heart. Maintain a calm environment and avoid abrupt changes in your dog's routine.

3. Early Intervention:

Discuss possible early therapeutic measures with your veterinarian.

Stage B2: First symptoms appear

1. Drug support:

At this stage, your vet may prescribe medication to relieve symptoms. Make sure your dog takes these regularly and as prescribed.

2. Customized activity:

Although exercise is important, excessive exertion should be avoided. However, short walks and quiet play can be beneficial.

3. Special diet:

Some dogs benefit from special diets tailored for heart disease.

Stages C & D: Advanced disease with significant symptoms

1. Medical care:

Regularly taking medication and possibly additional therapies is crucial.

2. Provide comfort:

Make sure your dog has a quiet and comfortable place to rest. Orthopedic beds can be particularly beneficial.

3. Nutritional advice:

A pet nutritionist can provide specific recommendations for your dog at this stage.

4. Physical limitations:

Avoid any form of stress or exertion. However, short walks in the garden or yard can be beneficial as long as your dog remains interested and active.

Comprehensive summary of mitral endocardiosis

Canine mitral endocardiosis is a common heart disease in dogs that affects the mitral valve, one of the heart valves. Mitral endocardiosis in dogs occurs when this valve thickens, which can affect blood flow in the heart.

Many dogs with canine mitral endocardiosis do not show any symptoms in the early stages of the disease. However, it is important to pay attention to signs such as coughing, shortness of breath and reduced activity as these may indicate progressive mitral endocardiosis in the dog.

Diagnosis of mitral endocardiosis in dogs is usually made through veterinary examinations such as x-rays and ultrasound of the heart. If your dog has canine mitral endocardiosis, it is important to work closely with your veterinarian to determine the best treatment plan.

In the early stages of mitral endocardiosis in dogs, lifestyle changes and monitoring may be sufficient. However, as mitral endocardiosis progresses in dogs, medication may be necessary to control symptoms and maintain quality of life.

Some dog breeds are more susceptible to canine mitral endocardiosis than others. Therefore, it is important to learn about your dog's genetic risk factors. Mitral endocardiosis in dogs can occur at any age, but is more common in older dogs.

Early detection and treatment of mitral endocardiosis in dogs can help slow the progression of the disease and allow your dog to live a longer, healthier life. There is no cure for mitral endocardiosis in dogs, but with proper care and treatment the condition can be well managed.

In summary, canine mitral endocardiosis is a serious but treatable condition. With proper care and attention, dogs with canine mitral endocardiosis can live full and comfortable lives. It is important to prioritize regular veterinary visits and be well-informed about the symptoms and treatment options for canine mitral endocardiosis.