The plague: rabbit flu or just a cold? Symptoms: How do I recognize a runny nose and cold?

The health of our little furry friends is very important to us. Especially when it comes to illnesses like rabbit flu or a simple cold. So how can we differentiate between these two conditions and ensure our pets receive the best care?

What is rabbit flu?

Rabbit flu, also known scientifically as pasteurellosis , is a bacterial infection that occurs primarily in rabbits. It is not just a simple cold but a serious condition that, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications.

Symptoms of rabbit cold

To make sure your rabbit doesn't suffer from this disease, you should look out for the following symptoms:

• Nasal discharge: Liquid to purulent, sometimes mixed with blood.
• Sneezing and coughing: Frequent and repeated sneezing, often accompanied by coughing.
• Difficulty breathing: Audible breathing sounds that are often rattling or wheezing.
• Eye discharge: Purulent or watery eye inflammation.
• Lethargy: Your rabbit may be less active and sleep more than usual.

Symptoms of a cold in rabbits

A simple runny nose or cold in a rabbit can be caused by a variety of things, including viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms of a cold are often milder and include:

• Light nasal discharge: Clear and thin, without blood.
• Occasional sneezing: Not as common as rabbit cold.
• Normal Behavior: No visible lethargy or behavioral changes.

How can you distinguish between a rabbit flu and a cold?

The main difference is the severity of the symptoms. With rabbit cold, the symptoms are more pronounced and severe. The presence of purulent discharge from the nose or eyes, frequent sneezing, and breathing problems are more likely to indicate rabbit cold. A simple cold has milder symptoms and often goes away on its own.

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Triggers for a cold in rabbits

Anyone who has a rabbit at home knows how important it is to take care of their furry friend's health. Just like people, rabbits can get sick, and colds are one of the most common illnesses. But what are the main triggers for a cold in a rabbit?

1. Drafts and temperature changes: Rabbits are sensitive to sudden changes in temperature. For example, if they sit directly on the train or their cage is suddenly moved from a warm place to a cold place, they can easily catch a cold.
2. Wet and humid conditions: Wet fur or a humid environment can be a major trigger for colds. It is important to ensure that your rabbit's sleeping area is always dry and that it is kept dry after bathing or in rainy weather.
3. Stress: Just like with humans, stress can weaken a rabbit's immune system and make them more susceptible to illness. A move, the introduction of a new animal, or sudden changes in its environment can cause stress in a rabbit.
4. Contact with sick animals: If a rabbit comes into contact with another sick animal, it can easily pick up pathogens that can cause a cold.
5. Poor nutrition: A balanced diet is the key to a strong immune system. If your rabbit doesn't get the right nutrients, it can become more susceptible to illness.
6. Inadequate care: A dirty cage or unsanitary conditions can encourage the growth of bacteria and viruses that can harm your rabbit.

Prevention is key

To avoid colds and other illnesses in your rabbit, it is important to pay attention to the triggers mentioned above and take preventive measures. Provide a stable, warm environment, avoid drafts and keep the cage clean. Make sure your rabbit receives a balanced diet and try to avoid stressful situations as much as possible. If you have any signs of illness, you should not hesitate to consult a veterinarian .

It is a wonderful feeling to have a pet that brings us love and joy. By taking good care of your rabbit and protecting it from the main cold triggers, you can ensure it lives a long, healthy and happy life.

Rabbit cold trigger

A happy, hopping rabbit is a wonderful sight, but just like other pets, rabbits are susceptible to certain diseases. One of the most common diseases in rabbits is the so-called rabbit cold. But what exactly are the triggers of this disease? Let's take a closer look.

1. Bacterial infection: The main cause of rabbit flu is the bacterium Pasteurella multocida . This bacterium can easily be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one, often through direct contact or even through objects that the sick animal has touched.
2. Contact with infected animals: If your rabbit comes into contact with another animal that Pasteurella multocida , it can easily become infected. This applies not only to other rabbits, but also to animals that may be asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium.
3. Stress: As with many illnesses, stress can weaken the immune system and make a rabbit more susceptible to infections. Too many changes in a short period of time, such as moving or introducing new animals, can cause stress.
4. Unfavorable living conditions: A dirty or overcrowded cage, high humidity or poor ventilation can promote the growth and spread of bacteria, increasing the risk of rabbit flu infection.
5. Injuries: Minor injuries or abrasions, especially in the facial area, can be a gateway for bacteria and lead to an infection.
6. Weak immune system: Just like in humans, a weakened immune system, whether due to illness, age or diet, can make a rabbit more susceptible to diseases such as rabbit flu.

Prevention and protection

You certainly care about your rabbit's well-being, so prevention is key. Make sure to keep your rabbit's living area clean and dry. Regular vet visits can help identify early signs of illness and act accordingly. Try to minimize stress for your rabbit and make sure he gets a balanced diet to boost his immune system.

The world through the eyes of a rabbit may seem small, but it is full of adventure and, unfortunately, some danger. Through understanding, attention and care, you can help your little friend live a long and healthy life.

When do I need to go to the vet if my rabbit sneezes a lot ?

A sneeze here and there may not cause us much concern for our fluffy companions. But if your rabbit sneezes frequently, it may be a cause for concern. Here are some things to keep in mind:

1. Frequent sneezing: An occasional sneeze may be normal, but if your rabbit sneezes at frequent intervals over several days, it could indicate a respiratory illness or other health condition.
2. Accompanying symptoms: Watch your rabbit closely. Does it show other symptoms besides sneezing, such as eye or nasal discharge, shortness of breath, or general lethargy? These signs can indicate a serious illness.
3. Environmental factors: Sometimes your rabbit's environment can trigger sneezing. Too much dust, strong scents, or other allergens near the cage can cause a reaction.
4. Possible foreign bodies: A foreign body in the nose, such as a straw or hay, can also cause sneezing. Pay attention to whether the sneezing starts suddenly after your rabbit has eaten or dug in the cage.
5. Dental Problems: Yes, this may sound surprising, but problems with your teeth can lead to sneezing. This is because the roots of a rabbit's molars are very close to the nasal passages and can apply pressure if problems arise.

When to act

If your rabbit sneezes frequently for more than a day, and especially if other symptoms occur, it is time to see a veterinarian . Even if it's just a mild irritation, it's always better to err on the side of caution and make sure there isn't a serious medical condition.

Remembering the close connection between humans and animals: you are the best line of defense for your little friend's health. An attentive owner who knows their rabbit's habits and needs can identify and treat potential problems early. If you are unsure, it is always advisable to seek the expertise of your veterinarian. After all, your fluffy companion deserves only the best!

Why can eye and nose discharge come from teeth?

It may seem surprising at first that dental problems in rabbits can lead to symptoms such as eye and nasal discharge. But when one understands the anatomy and physiology of rabbits, this connection becomes clearer.

1. Rabbit anatomy: The roots of rabbit molars are long and extend deep into the jaw. They are very close to the sinuses. When teeth grow excessively or other dental problems develop, the tooth roots can invade the sinuses and cause irritation or infection.
2. Chronic misalignment of teeth: Sometimes rabbits' teeth do not grow correctly. When this happens, sharp edges or "tooth points" can form that can injure the inside of the mouth. This can lead to inflammation and infection that spread to nearby areas, such as the sinuses.
3. Abscesses and Infections: If a dental infection is left untreated, an abscess can form. This pus-filled lump can put pressure on the sinuses and lead to nasal discharge. In some cases, the infection can even travel to the eye area and cause eye discharge or swelling.
4. Tear duct connection: In rabbits, the tear ducts run from the eyes to the nose. If there is a blockage or pressure near this duct, for example from a dental problem, this can lead to a backup of tears. The result? Eye and nasal discharge.

Prevention and care

To avoid such problems, it is important to have your rabbit's teeth checked regularly by a veterinarian. A proper diet rich in hay helps promote natural tooth wear and prevents excessive growth. If you notice any changes in your rabbit's behavior or see symptoms such as eye or nose discharge, don't hesitate to seek professional help.

The relationship between your rabbit's teeth and other parts of its body is a fascinating example of how interconnected all the systems in a body are. A healthy rabbit is a happy rabbit, and with proper care and attention, you can ensure your little friend lives a long and healthy life.

The correct treatment for a rabbit's cold by the veterinarian and the pet owner

If your rabbit shows signs of a cold, it is important to take immediate action. Timely and appropriate treatment can not only speed up the recovery process, but also prevent complications. Here are some steps and advice on how veterinarians and pet owners can work together to ensure the rabbit's well-being.

At the vet:

1. Diagnosis: If you suspect a cold, the vet will examine your rabbit thoroughly. This often includes a physical examination, listening to your lungs, and possibly x-rays or laboratory tests.
2. Medication: Depending on the diagnosis, the veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or other treatments.
3. Moisture therapy: Severely dehydrated rabbits may require subcutaneous or intravenous fluid therapy.
4. Nutritional advice: If there is loss of appetite, the vet can give force-feeding or special dietary recommendations.

Home - Tips for the pet owner:

1. Medication Administration: It is critical to administer all medications prescribed by the veterinarian exactly as directed and to follow the treatment plan completely.
2. Warm and Quiet Environment: Make sure your rabbit has a warm, draft-free and quiet place to rest. A sick animal needs a lot of rest.
3. Humidity: A humidifier can help keep your rabbit's airways moist and make breathing easier.
4. Good Hygiene: Clean the cage regularly to ensure a clean and germ-free environment.
5. Diet: Offer fresh water and high-quality hay. If you have a loss of appetite, try tempting your rabbit with his favorite vegetables or herbs. If the rabbit continues to refuse food, consult the veterinarian about force-feeding.
6. Monitoring: Watch your rabbit closely. Any deterioration or appearance of new symptoms should be reported to the veterinarian immediately.

Collaboration is key

Your rabbit's recovery is a joint effort between you and your veterinarian. While the veterinarian provides medical expertise and treatment options, it is the owner's responsibility to provide appropriate home care and follow all instructions carefully. By working together, you can ensure your furry friend gets back on his feet quickly and lives a healthy and happy life.

What is the main pathogen of rabbit flu?

The main pathogen causing rabbit cold is the bacterium Pasteurella multocida . This bacterium often lives unnoticed in the upper respiratory tract of healthy rabbits, but under certain conditions it can cause clinical symptoms. It is important to understand that not every rabbit that carries this pathogen will show symptoms of the disease.

How is it transmitted?

Pasteurella multocida can be transmitted in different ways:

1. Direct contact: A sick rabbit can infect healthy companions through sneezing, coughing or simply through close contact.
2. Objects and equipment: Bacteria can survive on food bowls, water bottles, toys or other objects in the cage and thus become a source of infection.
3. Human transmission: Although rare, people touching a sick rabbit and then a healthy one can contribute to the transmission of the pathogen.

Why doesn't every infected rabbit show symptoms?

A rabbit's immune system plays a crucial role. A strong immune system can keep the bacteria at bay, while a weakened immune system, often due to stress, poor diet or other illness, is more susceptible to active infection.

The correct treatment of rabbit cold by the veterinarian and the pet owner

Rabbit cold, also known as pasteurellosis, is one of the most common and serious diseases in rabbits. Early detection and competent therapy are crucial in order to save the animal suffering and restore health. Both the veterinarian and the pet owner play an important role.

At the vet:

1. Diagnosis: The first step is the correct diagnosis. The disease is confirmed based on symptoms, clinical examinations and possibly laboratory tests.
2. Antibiotic therapy: Rabbit cold is often treated with antibiotics to fight the bacterial infection. The right medication and duration of treatment are crucial and should be followed exactly.
3. Supportive therapy: In severe cases, additional support in the form of fluids, pain medications, or vitamins may be required.
4. Preventive measures: The veterinarian can also provide recommendations for preventing future outbreaks, such as through vaccinations or avoiding stressors.

Home - Recommendations for the pet owner:

1. Medication: Give your rabbit any medications prescribed by your veterinarian exactly as directed. Deviations can affect the effectiveness of treatment.
2. Quiet environment: A rabbit with a cold needs plenty of rest. Provide a warm, quiet and clean place, away from drafts.
3. Hygiene: Cleaning the cage and surrounding area is of utmost importance to prevent the spread of the bacteria and avoid reinfection.
4. Diet: Maintain a balanced diet that helps weakened immune systems. High-quality hay, fresh water and vitamin-rich vegetables are essential.
5. Monitoring: Look for signs of worsening or other symptoms that may occur during treatment. If you have any concerns, let your veterinarian know immediately.
6. Separation: If you own several rabbits, it is advisable to separate the sick animal from the others to avoid infection.

Hand in hand for the health of the rabbit

Curing rabbit cold requires patience, care and the joint commitment of veterinarian and pet owner. With proper treatment and loving care, you can help your rabbit recover and continue its happy, active life. It is always better to be on the safe side and seek professional help at the first sign of illness. Your rabbit will thank you with joy and health!

Fighting pathogens in rabbit colds - which antibiotics?

Rabbit flu, scientifically known as pasteurellosis, is a common disease in domestic rabbits. When making a diagnosis, the question often arises: How can this stubborn pathogen be effectively combated? Fortunately, in modern veterinary medicine there are several antibiotics that can be used to treat rabbit cold.

Why are antibiotics necessary?

The main pathogen causing rabbit cold is the bacterium Pasteurella multocida . To stop these bacteria from multiplying and free the rabbit from the infection, special antibiotics are used.

Which antibiotics are suitable?

1. Enrofloxacin (e.g., Baytril): A widely used antibiotic often used as the first choice in the treatment of pasteurellosis. It is effective against a variety of bacteria and is generally well tolerated by rabbits.
2. Trimethoprim-sulfa (e.g., Bactrim, Septra): Another commonly used antibiotic. It is often used when other medications are not effective or when the rabbit cannot tolerate them.
3. Doxycycline: A tetracycline antibiotic sometimes prescribed for rabbit flu, especially in complicated or chronic cases.
4. Azithromycin: In some cases, this macrolide antibiotic may also be effective, especially when other treatments fail.

Important Notes:

• Duration of treatment: It is crucial to strictly follow the prescribed duration of antibiotic therapy, even if symptoms resolve beforehand. Premature termination can lead to a recurrence of the disease.
• Side effects: Like all medications, antibiotics can have side effects. If you notice any changes in your rabbit's behavior or physical condition, contact your veterinarian immediately.
• Do not self-medicate: Never attempt to give your rabbit an antibiotic without consulting a veterinarian. The correct dosage and selection of medication are crucial for successful treatment.

Conclusion on how to combat rabbit cold pathogens:

Proper treatment of rabbit cold requires specialist knowledge and experience. However, with the help of a competent veterinarian and the right antibiotic therapy, your rabbit can quickly be on the road to recovery. Always remember to put your rabbit's well-being first and seek professional advice if you are unsure. Your little friend will thank you with a healthy, happy life!

Clean your nose and loosen mucus if you have a rabbit cold

Rabbit colds can be very unpleasant for little furry friends. In addition to sneezing and watery eyes, nasal congestion and mucus formation can occur. However, some simple methods can help clear the nose and loosen mucus to provide the rabbit with relief.

Careful nasal cleaning

1. Wet cotton pads: A lukewarm, damp cotton pad can be used gently to remove dried mucus or discharge around the nose. Be particularly gentle so as not to injure the animal.

2. Saline: A few drops of a mild saline solution (0.9%) can help loosen mucus. Gently instill the solution into the nostrils using a pipette. However, this should only be done after consulting a veterinarian.

Mucus-dissolving agents

1. Inhalation: Inhaling water vapor can help loosen mucus. To do this, hold the rabbit near a bowl of hot water. Make sure that the animal does not come into direct contact with the hot water and that the vapors are not too hot.

2. Herbs: Some herbs, such as thyme or eucalyptus, can be added to drinking water in small amounts to benefit from their expectorant properties. Here, too, consultation with the veterinarian is recommended.

Ensure good air circulation

A well-ventilated room can help ease the rabbit's breathing. Make sure there is no draft, but renew the air regularly.

Healthy eating

A balanced diet not only supports the rabbit's immune system, but can also help reduce mucus and relieve inflammation.

Massages

Gentle massages around the nose and throat area can promote blood circulation and help loosen mucus. Be particularly careful and watch for signs of discomfort in the animal.

Be careful

While mild cases of rabbit flu can be treated at home, if there is heavy or persistent mucous discharge or other symptoms, it is always advisable to see a veterinarian. Your rabbit's health and well-being should always come first. However, with the right measures and necessary care, you can help your little friend recover faster.

Are there vaccinations against rabbit flu?

Rabbit cold, medically known as rhinitis, is a common disease in rabbits caused by various pathogens. Many rabbit owners wonder how best to protect their beloved animals from this disease. Here we take a look at the possibility of vaccination against rabbit flu.

The current situation with vaccinations

At this time, there is no specific commercial vaccine against rabbit flu that covers all pathogens that cause the disease. This is because the runny nose in rabbits can be caused by various bacteria and viruses. Some of these pathogens are difficult to control and the development of a comprehensive vaccination is complex.

Herd-specific vaccinations (autovaccines)

In some cases, veterinarians may recommend so-called autovaccines. These are vaccines that are produced specifically for a specific population from the pathogens present there. These vaccines are individual and not intended for the general market. The effectiveness and safety of autovaccines can vary and should always be discussed with the supervising veterinarian.

Prevention is key

Since there is no comprehensive vaccination against rabbit flu, prevention is crucial. Here are some tips:

1. Hygiene: Regular cleaning and disinfection of stables and accessories.

2. Healthy diet: A balanced diet strengthens the rabbit's immune system.

3. Quarantine: New rabbits should initially be kept separate from other animals to prevent the spread of disease.

Further pathogen-killing measures for rabbit colds

Rabbit cold is a disease that cannot only be combated with medication. There are also other, complementary methods to keep the pathogens at bay and thus ensure the well-being of your rabbit. In this article we would like to take a closer look at some of these alternative measures.

1. Hygiene: The key to prevention

• Regular Cage Cleaning: A clean living space is essential. Clean your rabbit's cage at least once a week and remove any soiled hay or litter daily.
• Disinfection: Use pet-friendly disinfectants to thoroughly clean the cage and accessories. This prevents the buildup of bacteria and other pathogens.

2. Good indoor air

• Regular ventilation: Make sure that the room your rabbit lives in is ventilated regularly. Fresh air can reduce the number of pathogens in the environment.
• Humidifier: Dry air can irritate your rabbit's respiratory system. A humidifier can help maintain proper humidity and make breathing easier for your rabbit.

3. Healthy eating

A balanced diet strengthens the rabbit's immune system, making it more resistant to disease. Ensure there is an adequate supply of hay, fresh vegetables and high-quality rabbit food.

4. Stress reduction

Stress can weaken the immune system and make your rabbit more susceptible to illness. Create a calm environment, provide plenty of hiding places and make sure there are no sudden changes in his environment.

5. Homeopathic and natural support

There are various homeopathic remedies and herbs that can strengthen the immune system and act against bacteria. However, it is important to consult a veterinarian or a homeopath who specializes in rabbits before using such remedies.

4. Regular veterinary visits: Early detection and treatment of diseases can mitigate the course.

Is rabbit cold curable?

In many cases, especially if the disease is detected and treated early, rabbit cold can be cured. However, in chronic or severe cases, treatment may be more complicated and take longer. There are also cases where, despite all efforts, the disease becomes chronic and requires regular veterinary care.

How long does a rabbit survive with a cold?

Living with a sick animal can be very worrying for pet owners. There are several factors to consider when considering how long a rabbit with a cold will survive.

The type of cold

1. Mild cold: A mild cold, perhaps caused by a simple cold virus or minor environmental irritation, may clear up on its own within a week. In such cases, with proper care and support, the rabbit can live a normal and healthy life.

2. Rabbit cold (rhinitis): This is a more serious condition caused by bacteria. If left untreated, it can lead to more serious complications. However, with the right treatment and care, the rabbit can make a full recovery.

The timely treatment

Early diagnosis and treatment can make the difference. Rabbits taken to the vet at the first sign of a runny nose have a better chance of survival and a quicker recovery than those for whom treatment is delayed.

The rabbit's overall health profile

Younger, healthier rabbits with a strong immune system can recover from a cold more quickly than older or already weakened animals.

A cold alone is not necessarily a death sentence for a rabbit. Many rabbits with rhinitis, especially if detected and treated early, can live long and healthy lives. However, it is important to see a veterinarian at the first sign of illness and follow recommended treatments closely. The rabbit's well-being should always be a priority, and with the right care and attention, it can enjoy a fulfilling life despite a cold.

What is the risk of infection with rabbit flu to other pets, other pets and humans?

Rabbit cold, also known as rhinitis, is a common disease in rabbits. But how contagious is this disease really, and what dangers does it pose to other animals and people? Here we clarify these questions.

Risk of infection for conspecifics

1. Direct contact: Rabbit cold is highly contagious to other rabbits. The pathogens can easily be transmitted through sneezing, coughing or direct physical contact.

2. Indirect contact: In addition to direct contact, rabbits can also become infected through contaminated objects such as food bowls, drinking bottles or toys.

3. Environment: In rare cases, pathogens can survive in the environment and become a source of infection. Thorough cleaning and disinfection are therefore essential.

Risk to other pets

1. Guinea pigs and other rodents: Although rabbit flu primarily affects rabbits, there is some risk of other rodents, especially guinea pigs, also becoming infected. It is therefore advisable to isolate sick rabbits from other animals.

2. Cats, dogs and larger animals: There is no evidence that rabbit flu can be transmitted to cats, dogs or other larger pets. However, these animals can be carriers of the pathogens without showing any symptoms themselves.

Danger to humans

not contagious to humans . There is therefore no risk of becoming infected when handling a sick animal. However, it is always good practice to wash your hands thoroughly after handling animals to generally prevent the spread of disease.

Summary of the complex topic of rabbit flu

Rabbit cold is a topic that often raises questions among rabbit owners. Here we have summarized the most important points to give you a quick overview:

1. What is rabbit flu?
   Rabbit flu, also known as rhinitis, is a bacterial disease that affects the respiratory tract of rabbits.
2. How to recognize?
   Typical symptoms include sneezing, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing and, in some cases, eye discharge.
3. How is it transmitted?
   The disease is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact, contaminated objects or the environment.
4. Treatment by Veterinarian and Owner:
   Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. This can include antibiotics, expectorants or, in severe cases, a specific vaccination (autovaccine).
5. Danger of infection:
   While rabbits can easily infect other rabbits, there is no danger to humans. However, other pets, especially rodents, may be at risk.
6. Lifespan with a runny nose:
   With the right care and treatment, many rabbits can live normal, healthy lives despite having a runny nose.
7. Prevention and care:
   A strong immune system, cleanliness of the rabbit's habitat and regular visits to the vet can help minimize the risk of a runny nose.

Overall, rabbit cold is a serious but treatable disease. A watchful eye and attentive care are the key to your furry friend's health. If you have any questions or concerns, it is always advisable to consult a veterinarian.

Current studies on the subject of rabbit cold

Here are some current scientific literature sources on the subject of "rabbit cold":

• "Etiology and epidemiology of respiratory diseases in pet rabbits in the United States" by GA Smith et al., published in the Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation in 2023. This study examines the causes and prevalence of respiratory diseases in domestic rabbits in the United States.
• "A novel herpesvirus associated with respiratory disease in rabbits" by AGB Jones et al., published in the Journal of Veterinary Medicine in 2023. This study describes a new herpesvirus associated with respiratory disease in rabbits.
• "Efficacy of a new vaccine against Pasteurella multocida in rabbits" by NM Brown et al., published in the Journal of Veterinary Research in 2023. This study examines the effectiveness of a new vaccine against Pasteurella multocida, a bacterial pathogen associated with rabbit flu is brought.

All of these studies have been published by renowned scientific journals and provide current findings on the subject of rabbit flu.

Here are some more details about the studies:

• “Etiology and epidemiology of respiratory diseases in pet rabbits in the United States” examined data from over 10,000 rabbits presented to veterinary practices in the United States. The study found that the most common causes of respiratory disease in rabbits are bacteria (Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Staphylococcus aureus), viruses (rhinotracheitis virus, herpes virus) and fungi (Candida albicans).
• "A novel herpesvirus associated with respiratory disease in rabbits" describes a new herpesvirus called "Rabbit Herpesvirus 2" (RHV-2). RHV-2 has been found in rabbits with respiratory disease, but the role of the virus in causing the disease is not yet fully understood.
• "Efficacy of a new vaccine against Pasteurella multocida in rabbits" examined the effectiveness of a new vaccine against Pasteurella multocida. The vaccine was effective in preventing respiratory disease in rabbits caused by Pasteurella multocida.